Where uranium comes from
Uranium is mined in about twenty countries, but three supply three quarters of it: Kazakhstan produced 23,270 tonnes in 2024, Canada 14,309 and Namibia 7,333, out of a world total of 60,213 tonnes. Most of it never leaves the ground in the conventional sense. Kazakhstan's output comes almost entirely from in-situ leaching, dissolving uranium underground and pumping the solution to the surface.
Uranium is not rare. It is about as common in the earth's crust as tin, and more common than silver. What is rare is uranium concentrated enough to be worth extracting, and the economics of a mine turn almost entirely on ore grade.
That is why Canada matters out of proportion to its output. The McArthur River deposit averages over 6% uranium, roughly a hundred times the grade of a typical mine. The ore is so intensely radioactive that it cannot be mined by people standing next to it; it is cut remotely and handled behind shielding. Cigar Lake, the second-richest deposit, sits in water-saturated sandstone and is mined by freezing the ground solid and jet-boring through it.
Kazakhstan took the opposite route and won on cost. In-situ leaching pumps a weak acid solution through a permeable orebody and recovers dissolved uranium at the surface. There is no pit, no shaft and no tailings dam, and the capital cost is a fraction of conventional mining. This is how a country with unremarkable ore grades came to supply two fifths of the world.
The milling step turns ore into uranium oxide concentrate. U3O8, "yellowcake", which is stable, shippable, and the form uranium trades in. Everything downstream begins here.
Mining is the least concentrated stage of the chain. Deposits are geographically diverse, several countries could expand output, and a price rise brings idled mines back. Langer Heinrich restarted in 2024 after a decade on care and maintenance. The concentration that matters is national and political rather than corporate, and it is moving: Chinese utilities now control both of Namibia's major mines, Rosatom subsidiaries hold stakes in several of Kazakhstan's largest operations, and Niger nationalised Somaïr in 2025 after fifty years of supplying France.
What this stage costs. In August 2026 the uranium indicator stood at US$ 89.68 per lb U₃O₈ spot, and US$ 96.50 under long-term contract. See fuel market prices for the forty-year series and a worked cost breakdown of a single reactor core.
World capacity by operator
| Operator | tU/yr | Share | Bar |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan (all operators) | 23,270 | 38.6% | |
| Canada (all operators) | 14,309 | 23.8% | |
| Namibia (all operators) | 7,333 | 12.2% |
World total 60,213 tU/yr (2024). Actual production, not capacity. Source: World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production.
The world’s uranium mines
| Mine | Operator | Country | Production | Year | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McArthur River / Key Lake | Cameco Corporation | Canada | 7,808tU | 2024 | operating |
| Cigar Lake | Cameco Corporation | Canada | 6,501tU | 2024 | operating |
| Husab | China General Nuclear Power Group | Namibia | 4,437tU | 2024 | operating |
| Karatau (Budenovskoye 2) | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 3,299tU | 2024 | operating |
| Inkai, sites 1-3 | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 2,992tU | 2024 | operating |
| Akdala and South Inkai | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 2,803tU | 2024 | operating |
| Olympic Dam | BHP Group | Australia | 2,693tU | 2024 | operating |
| Moinkum and Tortkuduk (KATCO) | Orano | Kazakhstan | 2,388tU | 2024 | operating |
| Rössing | China National Nuclear Corporation | Namibia | 2,205tU | 2024 | operating |
| Smith Ranch-Highland | Cameco Corporation | United States | 2,116tU/yr capacity | 2025 | operating |
| Khorassan 1 | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 2,030tU | 2024 | operating |
| White Mesa Mill | Energy Fuels | United States | 2,000short tons ore/day capacity | 2025 | operating |
| Central Mynkuduk | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 1,650tU | 2022 | operating |
| Budenovskoye 1, 3 & 4 (Akbastau) | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 1,545tU | 2022 | operating |
| Kharasan 2 (Baiken-U) | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 1,315tU | 2022 | operating |
| Four Mile | Quasar Resources | Australia | 1,274tU ¹ | 2022 | operating |
| South Moinkum and Kanzhugan | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 1,273tU | 2022 | operating |
| Ross Central Processing Plant | Peninsula Energy | United States | 1,154tU/yr capacity | 2025 | operating |
| Khiagda | Rosatom | Russia | 1,103tU | 2024 | operating |
| Priargunsky | Rosatom | Russia | 1,047tU | 2024 | operating |
| Somaïr (Arlit) | Orano | Niger | 960tU | 2024 | operating |
| Honeymoon | Boss Energy | Australia | 336tU | 2025 | operating |
| Irkol | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 940tU | 2022 | operating |
| Yining | China National Nuclear Corporation | China | 850tU/yr capacity | 2022 | operating |
| North and South Karamurun | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 830tU | 2022 | operating |
| Western Mynkuduk (Appak) | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 830tU | 2022 | operating |
| Lost Creek | Ur-Energy | United States | 769tU/yr capacity | 2025 | operating |
| Zarechnoye | NAC Kazatomprom | Kazakhstan | 741tU | 2022 | operating |
| Langer Heinrich | Paladin Energy | Namibia | 691tU | 2024 | operating |
| Dalur | Rosatom | Russia | 588tU | 2024 | operating |
| Alta Mesa | enCore Energy | United States | 577tU/yr capacity | 2025 | operating |
| Willow Creek | Uranium Energy Corp | United States | 500tU/yr capacity | 2025 | operating |
| Fuzhou | China National Nuclear Corporation | China | 350tU/yr capacity | 2022 | operating |
| Caetité (Lagoa Real) | Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil | Brazil | 340tU/yr capacity | 2026 | operating |
| Tummalapalle | Uranium Corporation of India | India | 220tU/yr capacity | 2026 | operating |
| Jaduguda mine and mill | Uranium Corporation of India | India | 200tU/yr capacity | 2026 | operating |
| Shaoguan | China National Nuclear Corporation | China | 200tU/yr capacity | 2022 | operating |
| Tongliao | China National Nuclear Corporation | China | 200tU/yr capacity | 2022 | operating |
| Turamdih mine and mill | Uranium Corporation of India | India | 190tU/yr capacity | 2026 | operating |
| Central Mining Directorate (Zarafshan) | Navoiyuran | Uzbekistan | not disclosed | - | operating |
| Ingulska | SkhidHZK | Ukraine | not disclosed | - | operating |
| Mining Directorate No. 5 (Zafarabad) | Navoiyuran | Uzbekistan | not disclosed | - | operating |
| Moab Khotsong | Harmony Gold Mining | South Africa | not disclosed | - | operating |
| Northern Mining Directorate (Uchkuduk) | Navoiyuran | Uzbekistan | not disclosed | - | operating |
| Novokostiantynivska | SkhidHZK | Ukraine | not disclosed | - | operating |
| Smolinska | SkhidHZK | Ukraine | not disclosed | - | operating |
| Southern Mining Directorate (Nurabad) | Navoiyuran | Uzbekistan | not disclosed | - | operating |
Ranked by production normalised to tonnes of uranium, with operations that publish no production at the end. Not every mine on earth: the ones here are every operation the sources name in every country the World Nuclear Association lists as a producer. Figures come from different reporting years. Canada, Namibia, Russia, Niger and Olympic Dam publish per mine for 2024; Kazakhstan publishes its individual operations only through 2022, and its 2024 output appears here under the consolidated groupings the source reports. The order beyond the top ten is indicative rather than exact. ¹ Four Mile is reported in tonnes U₃O₈ and normalised at 1 t U₃O₈ = 0.848 tU, with both values kept on its page. Yining shows nameplate capacity rather than output, because China does not publish per-mine production.
What this table accounts for
The world produced 60,213 tU in 2024. The 47 operations listed above cover every country the source names as a producer, but only 25 of them state an output figure, together 52,279 tU, about 87% of world production. The rest is not missing mines. It is countries that publish a national total and nothing per operation, so putting an output against their mines would mean apportioning a number nobody measured.
| Country | 2024 production | Operations listed | Output stated | Reporting year of those figures |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | 23,270tU | 13 | 22,636tU | 2022, 2024 |
| Canada | 14,309tU | 2 | 14,309tU | 2024 |
| Namibia | 7,333tU | 3 | 7,333tU | 2024 |
| Australia | 4,598tU | 3 | 4,303tU | 2022, 2024, 2025 |
| Uzbekistan estimated | 4,000tU | 4 | not published per mine | - |
| Russia | 2,738tU | 3 | 2,738tU | 2024 |
| China estimated | 1,600tU | 4 | not published per mine | - |
| Niger | 962tU | 1 | 960tU | 2024 |
| India estimated | 500tU | 3 | not published per mine | - |
| Ukraine estimated | 288tU | 3 | not published per mine | - |
| United States | 260tU | 6 | not published per mine | - |
| South Africa estimated | 200tU | 1 | not published per mine | - |
| Others Brazil listed here | 155tU | 1 | not published per mine | - |
National production is World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production for 2024, including its own "Others" residual line. The stated-output column adds up the figures on this page, which come from different reporting years, so it will not reconcile exactly against a single-year national total even where every mine in a country is listed: Australia's figure here mixes 2022, 2024 and a financial year ending in June 2025. Rows with operations listed but no output are countries where the operator publishes capacity or nothing at all.
Sources
- World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production · retrieved 2026-09-06
- World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production
- US Energy Information Administration, Domestic Uranium Production Report
- World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan
- World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Australia
- World Nuclear Association, Russia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle
- World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Niger
- Boss Energy, FY2025 quarterly activities report
- World Nuclear Association, China's Nuclear Fuel Cycle
- World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Namibia
- World Nuclear Association, Brazil country profile
- World Nuclear Association, India country profile
- World Nuclear Association, Uzbekistan country profile
- World Nuclear Association, Ukraine country profile
- World Nuclear Association, South Africa country profile
How these sources are used, including the corrections applied on top of them and what is deliberately left blank · download the underlying data