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Where uranium comes from

Uranium is mined in about twenty countries, but three supply three quarters of it: Kazakhstan produced 23,270 tonnes in 2024, Canada 14,309 and Namibia 7,333, out of a world total of 60,213 tonnes. Most of it never leaves the ground in the conventional sense. Kazakhstan's output comes almost entirely from in-situ leaching, dissolving uranium underground and pumping the solution to the surface.

World capacity
60,213
tU/yr · 2024
Top 3 share
75%
Kazakhstan (all operators), Canada (all operators), Namibia (all operators)
Largest operator
Kazakhstan (all operators)
39% of world capacity
Facilities listed
47
39 with a capacity figure

Uranium is not rare. It is about as common in the earth's crust as tin, and more common than silver. What is rare is uranium concentrated enough to be worth extracting, and the economics of a mine turn almost entirely on ore grade.

That is why Canada matters out of proportion to its output. The McArthur River deposit averages over 6% uranium, roughly a hundred times the grade of a typical mine. The ore is so intensely radioactive that it cannot be mined by people standing next to it; it is cut remotely and handled behind shielding. Cigar Lake, the second-richest deposit, sits in water-saturated sandstone and is mined by freezing the ground solid and jet-boring through it.

Kazakhstan took the opposite route and won on cost. In-situ leaching pumps a weak acid solution through a permeable orebody and recovers dissolved uranium at the surface. There is no pit, no shaft and no tailings dam, and the capital cost is a fraction of conventional mining. This is how a country with unremarkable ore grades came to supply two fifths of the world.

The milling step turns ore into uranium oxide concentrate. U3O8, "yellowcake", which is stable, shippable, and the form uranium trades in. Everything downstream begins here.

Why this stage is a chokepoint

Mining is the least concentrated stage of the chain. Deposits are geographically diverse, several countries could expand output, and a price rise brings idled mines back. Langer Heinrich restarted in 2024 after a decade on care and maintenance. The concentration that matters is national and political rather than corporate, and it is moving: Chinese utilities now control both of Namibia's major mines, Rosatom subsidiaries hold stakes in several of Kazakhstan's largest operations, and Niger nationalised Somaïr in 2025 after fifty years of supplying France.

What this stage costs. In August 2026 the uranium indicator stood at US$ 89.68 per lb U₃O₈ spot, and US$ 96.50 under long-term contract. See fuel market prices for the forty-year series and a worked cost breakdown of a single reactor core.

World capacity by operator

OperatortU/yrShareBar
Kazakhstan (all operators) 23,270 38.6%
Canada (all operators) 14,309 23.8%
Namibia (all operators) 7,333 12.2%

World total 60,213 tU/yr (2024). Actual production, not capacity. Source: World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production.

The world’s uranium mines

Mine OperatorCountry Production Year Status
McArthur River / Key Lake Cameco Corporation Canada 7,808tU 2024 operating
Cigar Lake Cameco Corporation Canada 6,501tU 2024 operating
Husab China General Nuclear Power Group Namibia 4,437tU 2024 operating
Karatau (Budenovskoye 2) NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 3,299tU 2024 operating
Inkai, sites 1-3 NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 2,992tU 2024 operating
Akdala and South Inkai NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 2,803tU 2024 operating
Olympic Dam BHP Group Australia 2,693tU 2024 operating
Moinkum and Tortkuduk (KATCO) Orano Kazakhstan 2,388tU 2024 operating
Rössing China National Nuclear Corporation Namibia 2,205tU 2024 operating
Smith Ranch-Highland Cameco Corporation United States 2,116tU/yr capacity 2025 operating
Khorassan 1 NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 2,030tU 2024 operating
White Mesa Mill Energy Fuels United States 2,000short tons ore/day capacity 2025 operating
Central Mynkuduk NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 1,650tU 2022 operating
Budenovskoye 1, 3 & 4 (Akbastau) NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 1,545tU 2022 operating
Kharasan 2 (Baiken-U) NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 1,315tU 2022 operating
Four Mile Quasar Resources Australia 1,274tU ¹ 2022 operating
South Moinkum and Kanzhugan NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 1,273tU 2022 operating
Ross Central Processing Plant Peninsula Energy United States 1,154tU/yr capacity 2025 operating
Khiagda Rosatom Russia 1,103tU 2024 operating
Priargunsky Rosatom Russia 1,047tU 2024 operating
Somaïr (Arlit) Orano Niger 960tU 2024 operating
Honeymoon Boss Energy Australia 336tU 2025 operating
Irkol NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 940tU 2022 operating
Yining China National Nuclear Corporation China 850tU/yr capacity 2022 operating
North and South Karamurun NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 830tU 2022 operating
Western Mynkuduk (Appak) NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 830tU 2022 operating
Lost Creek Ur-Energy United States 769tU/yr capacity 2025 operating
Zarechnoye NAC Kazatomprom Kazakhstan 741tU 2022 operating
Langer Heinrich Paladin Energy Namibia 691tU 2024 operating
Dalur Rosatom Russia 588tU 2024 operating
Alta Mesa enCore Energy United States 577tU/yr capacity 2025 operating
Willow Creek Uranium Energy Corp United States 500tU/yr capacity 2025 operating
Fuzhou China National Nuclear Corporation China 350tU/yr capacity 2022 operating
Caetité (Lagoa Real) Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil Brazil 340tU/yr capacity 2026 operating
Tummalapalle Uranium Corporation of India India 220tU/yr capacity 2026 operating
Jaduguda mine and mill Uranium Corporation of India India 200tU/yr capacity 2026 operating
Shaoguan China National Nuclear Corporation China 200tU/yr capacity 2022 operating
Tongliao China National Nuclear Corporation China 200tU/yr capacity 2022 operating
Turamdih mine and mill Uranium Corporation of India India 190tU/yr capacity 2026 operating
Central Mining Directorate (Zarafshan) Navoiyuran Uzbekistan not disclosed - operating
Ingulska SkhidHZK Ukraine not disclosed - operating
Mining Directorate No. 5 (Zafarabad) Navoiyuran Uzbekistan not disclosed - operating
Moab Khotsong Harmony Gold Mining South Africa not disclosed - operating
Northern Mining Directorate (Uchkuduk) Navoiyuran Uzbekistan not disclosed - operating
Novokostiantynivska SkhidHZK Ukraine not disclosed - operating
Smolinska SkhidHZK Ukraine not disclosed - operating
Southern Mining Directorate (Nurabad) Navoiyuran Uzbekistan not disclosed - operating

Ranked by production normalised to tonnes of uranium, with operations that publish no production at the end. Not every mine on earth: the ones here are every operation the sources name in every country the World Nuclear Association lists as a producer. Figures come from different reporting years. Canada, Namibia, Russia, Niger and Olympic Dam publish per mine for 2024; Kazakhstan publishes its individual operations only through 2022, and its 2024 output appears here under the consolidated groupings the source reports. The order beyond the top ten is indicative rather than exact. ¹ Four Mile is reported in tonnes U₃O₈ and normalised at 1 t U₃O₈ = 0.848 tU, with both values kept on its page. Yining shows nameplate capacity rather than output, because China does not publish per-mine production.

What this table accounts for

The world produced 60,213 tU in 2024. The 47 operations listed above cover every country the source names as a producer, but only 25 of them state an output figure, together 52,279 tU, about 87% of world production. The rest is not missing mines. It is countries that publish a national total and nothing per operation, so putting an output against their mines would mean apportioning a number nobody measured.

Country 2024 production Operations listed Output stated Reporting year of those figures
Kazakhstan 23,270tU 13 22,636tU 2022, 2024
Canada 14,309tU 2 14,309tU 2024
Namibia 7,333tU 3 7,333tU 2024
Australia 4,598tU 3 4,303tU 2022, 2024, 2025
Uzbekistan estimated 4,000tU 4 not published per mine -
Russia 2,738tU 3 2,738tU 2024
China estimated 1,600tU 4 not published per mine -
Niger 962tU 1 960tU 2024
India estimated 500tU 3 not published per mine -
Ukraine estimated 288tU 3 not published per mine -
United States 260tU 6 not published per mine -
South Africa estimated 200tU 1 not published per mine -
Others Brazil listed here 155tU 1 not published per mine -

National production is World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production for 2024, including its own "Others" residual line. The stated-output column adds up the figures on this page, which come from different reporting years, so it will not reconcile exactly against a single-year national total even where every mine in a country is listed: Australia's figure here mixes 2022, 2024 and a financial year ending in June 2025. Rows with operations listed but no output are countries where the operator publishes capacity or nothing at all.

Sources

How these sources are used, including the corrections applied on top of them and what is deliberately left blank · download the underlying data

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